新冠药物伊维菌素分子程序原理

原文链接

Molecular Basis of DiseaseRepositioning Ivermectin for Covid-19 treatment: Molecular mechanisms of action against SARS-CoV-2 replication

伊维菌素可以清除93%的病毒颗粒

One promising study had reported a marked reduction of 93% of released virion and 99.98% unreleased virion levels upon administration of IVM to Vero-hSLAM cells.

伊维菌素的攻击病毒程序主要有2项内容:抑制细胞液细胞核通讯互动程序的运转和抑制病毒细胞内部复制

抑制细胞液细胞核通讯互动程序的运转主要是抑制病毒分子Importin heterodimer complex (IMPα/β1)和抑制细胞STAT3

抑制病毒细胞内部复制主要是抑制病毒3CLpro程序和抑制病毒S蛋白

IVM’s mode of action centres around the inhibition of the cytoplasmic-nuclear shuttling of viral proteins by disrupting the Importin heterodimer complex (IMPα/β1) and downregulating STAT3, thereby effectively reducing the cytokine storm. Furthermore, the ability of IVM to block the active sites of viral 3CLpro and S protein, disrupts important machinery such as viral replication and attachment.

新冠病毒结构化蛋白列表

spike protein (S), envelope protein (E), membrane protein (M), nucleocapsid protein (N)。

新冠病毒非结构化蛋白列表

non-structural proteins (NSP 1–16)

The typical layout for SARS-CoV-2 genome is denoted as follows [5′ ‑leader-UTR-replicase-S-E-M-N-3′-UTR-poly (A) tail], with accessory genes scattered between the structural genes (S-EM-N) at the 3′ end (38×). Under the envelope, it consists of a ~29.9 kilobase (kb) RNA genome with 2/3rd of the genome containing the main open reading frame 1a and 1b (ORF1ab) replicase gene from the 5′ -end, encoding for the non-structural proteins (NSP 1–16) while the remaining 1/3rd genome encodes for the structural proteins (spike protein (S), envelope protein (E), membrane protein (M) and nucleocapsid protein (N)) [46].

新冠病毒非结构化蛋白功能列表:

NSP 1 and 3:inhibit IFN signalling, interrupting the translation of RNA and innate immune responses。抑制正常的自然/天然免疫防线免疫反应。

NSP 3 and 5:promote cytokine expression and viral protein cleavage。

NSP-12an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and has been shown to be inhibited by IVM。

伊维菌素可以抑制新冠病毒NSP-12程序

The NSPs play an important role for viral replication in infected host cells. NSP 1 and 3 are known to inhibit IFN signalling, interrupting the translation of RNA and innate immune responses [47]. NSP 3 and 5 promote cytokine expression and viral protein cleavage [47]. NSP-12 is an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and has been shown to be inhibited by IVM in studies on SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV [48,49].

新冠病毒攻击人体48小时已内,伊维菌素可以抑制新冠病毒抑制程序

However, a recent discovery from Monash University, Australia reported that IVM could inhibit SARS-CoV-2 within a 48 h post-infection, drawing much attention worldwide [22].

International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology的A scoping review of the pathophysiology of COVID-19

潜伏阶段是第1天到第5天潜伏阶段有大量的病毒复制事件发生,病症严重程度(severity of illness)是很低的。症状出现阶段是第5天到第11天,症状出现阶段有大量的病毒复制事件发生,病症严重程度(severity of illness)是增长的,新冠病毒感染人员出现发热,咳嗽,头痛等症状。早期肺炎出现阶段是第11天到第14天,早期肺炎阶段没有病毒复制事件发生,病症严重程度(severity of illness)是缓慢增长的,新冠病毒感染人员出现轻度缺氧症状,新冠病毒感染人员出现免疫系统伤害。后期肺炎出现阶段是第14天到第28天,后期肺炎阶段没有病毒复制事件发生,病症严重程度(severity of illness)是快速增长的,新冠病毒感染人员出现进阶缺氧症状,新冠病毒感染人员出现严重免疫系统伤害。

新冠病毒感染阶段的前半阶段才有病毒复制,新冠病毒感染阶段的后半阶段只有免疫系统伤害。

细胞液细胞核通讯互动程序的主要信号是Importin heterodimer complex (IMPα/β1)

病毒分子可以攻击细胞核以前需要可以进入细胞核病毒分子进入细胞核需要细胞液细胞核通讯互动程序

病毒分子可以进入细胞核的病毒列表Influenza (NP), Dengue Virus (NS5), HIV-1 (Integrase), SARS-CoV (ORF6), SARS-CoV-2 (NSP12-RdRp)

列表病毒有2个信息:病毒名称,病毒申请进入细胞核的病毒分子名称

伊维菌素抑制病毒分子Importin heterodimer complex (IMPα/β1),伊维菌素抑制新冠病毒NSP-12程序

新冠病毒分子进入细胞核需要启用新冠病毒NSP-12程序,新冠病毒NSP-12程序需要使用Importin heterodimer complex (IMPα/β1)

Importin heterodimer complex (IMPα/β1)是正常的细胞液细胞核通讯互动程序的主要信号新冠病毒NSP-12程序也需要使用Importin heterodimer complex (IMPα/β1)

病毒攻击细胞时使用细胞正常程序

This nuclear transport complex has been documented to have been hijacked by many viruses, such as Influenza (NP), Dengue Virus (NS5), HIV-1 (Integrase), SARS-CoV (ORF6), and the most recently by SARS-CoV-2 (NSP12-RdRp) to gain access into the nucleus and to facilitate infection (42×,44×,48×). Theoretically, the IVM binds to the IMPα, dissociating the IMPα from the heterodimer IMPα/β1 complex, thus preventing nuclear import of viral proteins via the NPC, halting the IMPα/β1 dependent nuclear import activities of viral SARS-CoV-2 proteins (NS12-RdRp) [56] (Fig. 1).

伊维菌素抑制病毒分子Importin heterodimer complex (IMPα/β1)图件

A是正常人体细胞液/细胞核图件,B是病毒攻击细胞液/细胞核图件,C是伊维菌素攻击病毒攻击图件

SARSCoV-2 NSP1抑制细胞STAT1,抑制STAT1就是释放STAT3

Upon SARS-CoV-2 infection, the activity of STAT1 is inhibited by the SARSCoV-2 NSP1 and ORF6 proteinsThe reduced STAT1 level is compensated by an enhanced STAT3 activity, subsequently inducing STAT3-ISGs [60].

Signal Transduction and Targeted TherapyThe JAK/STAT signaling pathway: from bench to clinic

细胞STAT系列分子程序图件

细胞STAT1:Inhibit tumor occurrence, regulate immune response.

细胞STAT3:Regulate Th17 (细菌) immune response, Regulate the occurrence of tumors.

Regulate不是Inhibit

伊维菌素抑制病毒分子STAT攻击程序图件

A是正常人体细胞液/细胞核图件:

细胞液STAT1增加,细胞核STAT1增加,细胞液STAT3减少,细胞核STAT3减少。

B是病毒攻击细胞液/细胞核图件

细胞液STAT1减少,细胞核STAT1减少,细胞液STAT3增加,细胞核STAT3增加。

IVM是伊维菌素分子程序出现位置,出现位置共有3处:

病毒颗粒人体细胞细胞膜ACE-2,

细胞液STAT3,

细胞液细胞核外膜NPC。

新冠病毒分子攻击细胞STAT1和细胞STAT3的双向动态互动有严重的坏的后果

In short, the activity of STAT3 is upregulated in many ways, and the activity of STAT1-mediated IFN-I response is downregulated upon SARS-CoV-2 infection. The hyperactivation of STAT3 upon SARS-CoV-2 infection leads to a cascade of deleterious events.

细胞STAT系列分子程序异常,细胞免疫反应异常,病毒颗粒人体细胞细胞膜ACE-2过度表达,病毒复制增加

It was evident that the overexpression of ACE2 was highly associated to SARS-CoV-2 replication, from which the concentration of ACE2 remained at a high level at 72 h post-infection [71]. The overexpression of ACE2 can be induced by the interferons and cytokines associated with ARDS, regulated by the JAK-STAT signalling pathways.

能够改变病毒颗粒人体细胞细胞膜ACE-2表达程度的细胞分子列表

IL-7R, JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, TYK2, STAT1, STAT3, STAT4, STAT5

Several studies have since demonstrated the association between ACE2 expression and the levels of signalling cascade components (IL-7R, JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, TYK2, STAT1, STAT3, STAT4, STAT5) [71,72].

Signal Transduction and Targeted TherapyThe JAK/STAT signaling pathway: from bench to clinic

细胞JAK系列分子程序图件

分子医学的时代不是细胞医学的时代。

免疫系统,免疫系统免疫防线,免疫系统免疫防线免疫细胞,免疫系统免疫防线免疫细胞免疫分子程序。

非免疫系统免疫防线免疫细胞其他细胞免疫分子程序。

2021年5月17日The Journal of Antibiotics发表伊维菌素论文。论文是The mechanisms of action of Ivermectin against SARS-CoV-2: An evidence-based clinical review article。论文主要讨论了伊维菌素,人体细胞(病毒入侵人体细胞)和新冠病毒的互动程序。

伊维菌素的抗击新冠病毒程序包含4个部分:冲击新冠病毒入侵人体细胞程序,冲击新冠病毒复制程序(被入侵人体细胞部分,宿主细胞部分),处理宿主细胞的炎症反应,处理宿主细胞的其他目标。论文给出了伊维菌素的抗击新冠病毒程序图件。图件中有红色标记的位置就是伊维菌素的行动位置。图件标有7处不同行动位置不同行动内容的伊维菌素。由于图件比较复杂,笔者先简单介绍基本内容。然后读者可以看到完整的图件。

新冠病毒的入侵。IVM就是伊维菌素。伊维菌素干扰和抑制新冠病毒的人体细胞绑定(红色标记),新冠病毒入侵人体细胞需要先攻击细胞的细胞膜。绿色图形是新冠病毒突刺蛋白(spike protein )。蓝色图形是人体细胞细胞膜。新冠病毒的蛋白基因序列被列出:ORF 3a, NSP-1,ORF-6(只列出全部基因序列的3个基因序列分段)。IFN signalling是干扰素信号(分子信号和分子信号通路)。新冠病毒入侵人体细胞后成为病毒RNA(脱壳)。

新冠病毒入侵人体细胞后利用人体细胞资源复制新冠病毒。新冠病毒需要联络人体细胞细胞核。图件中的nuleus图形就是细胞核。伊维菌素的任务是冲击3个新冠病毒程序(红色标记):KPNA-1,Rdrp和IMP。KPNA-1的任务是细胞核外侧细胞核侧通路的建立,KPNA-1的任务是将细胞核外侧蛋白质运输到细胞核内部(细胞核侧)。抑制KPNA-1就是不让新冠病毒联络人体细胞细胞核。Rdrp的任务是利用人体细胞资源复制新冠病毒。抑制Rdrp就是不让新冠病毒破坏人体细胞。IMP是mRNA(信使RNA)结合蛋白。IMP和mRNA(信使RNA)有关系。抑制IMP就是冲击新冠病毒的复制程序。

完整的图件标有7处不同行动位置不同行动内容的伊维菌素。

论文指出新冠疫情处于危急的阶段,建议新冠疫情抗击程序考虑认证的药物。新冠mRNA疫苗只有FDA的紧急使用授权。新冠疫情爆发时,全球没有冠状病毒疫苗。

2020年9月cellular physiology发表了有意义的国内新冠伊维菌素论文。论文是Quantitative proteomics reveals a broad‐spectrum antiviral property of ivermectin, benefiting for COVID‐19 treatment。论文对比了新冠病毒,艾滋病毒,肝炎病毒和埃博拉病毒。论文讨论了284种新冠病毒基因分段和52种新冠病毒蛋白的伊维菌素冲击程序。

论文提供了不同病毒的病毒蛋白伊维菌素效用图件。论文讨论了52种新冠病毒蛋白的伊维菌素冲击程序。图件中有新冠病毒,艾滋病毒,埃博拉病毒,肝炎病毒,疱疹病毒。最重要的内容是病毒重叠蛋白。新冠病毒有37种独有病毒蛋白,新冠病毒有10种艾滋病毒蛋白,新冠病毒有9种埃博拉病毒蛋白,新冠病毒有11种HPV病毒蛋白,新冠病毒有10种HCMV病毒蛋白。任何低估新冠病毒的做法都会支付惨重的代价。放弃抗击新冠病毒是最黑暗的意见。